土壤水分动态对林地地表径流的影响概况

指出了土壤水分是影响地表径流产生重要因素之一 ,研究土壤水分在土壤中的分布、土壤水分动态变化规律以及影响土壤水分变化的因子 ,对林地的生态环境保护具有重要意义.土壤水分的分布受空间和时间的影响 ,不仅如此 ,土壤水分动态变化和分布规律还受到诸如气象因子、地形因子、地形利用因子、人为活动等因子的影响.这些影响因素都导致了土壤水分动态变化在空间和时间上的差异 ,从而导致了林地降雨-产流的差异.因此 ,深入研究影响土壤水分变化的各种因素 ,以及研究各种因素对土壤水分动态变化的作用规律 ,一方面能够为降雨-地表径流的发生规律提供参考 ,另一方面为保护林地植被生长提供了重要的条件.     

不同光照和土壤水分对3种龙脑香科植物种子发芽的影响

2007和2008连续两年的1月、10月,分别采集云南龙脑香科的东京龙脑香、望天树、狭叶坡垒的种子,将种子在不同光照(20%、40%、60%和80%)和不同土壤水分(土壤含水量20%、40%、60%和80%)条件下进行种子萌发试验,研究不同光照和土壤水分对3种植物种子发芽率和苗木生长的影响。结果表明,龙脑香科植物种子发芽率在光照强度为20%、40%时较高,80%时较低;种子发芽率在土壤含水率60%时较高,80%和20%均较低;在同等条件下,狭叶坡垒种子发芽率最高,最高时可达88%,东京龙脑香种子发芽率最低,最低时仅为9%;在相同条件下,3种云南龙脑香科植物苗木生长最快的为狭叶坡垒,15个月苗龄苗高为86 cm,地径达1.23 cm。     

3种整地方式下尾巨桉林分生物量动态及其与土壤水分的关系

对3种整地方式下的尾巨桉林分生长和林地土壤水分进行了监测,通过分析各林地的林分单株平均生物量及林地土壤水分的变化,探讨二者的相互关系,以期为合理评估整地对尾巨桉林分生长和水分利用效率的影响提供科学依据。研究结果表明：随着林龄的增长,3种整地方式下尾巨桉林分单株总生物量和各器官生物量均呈增加趋势,其树干和树根所占比例逐渐增加,而树枝和树叶所占比例呈减小趋势。在幼龄期(16个月之前),全垦条件下的尾巨桉林分生长量最大,18个月后带垦的林分生长量最大;3种整地方式下的尾巨桉林地土壤水分的季节变化格局相似,与天然降水分布基本保持一致。3种整地方式中穴垦尾巨桉林地土壤有较高含水率且显著大于全垦和带垦的(P<0.05),全垦与带垦之间差异不显著;3种整地方式下尾巨桉林分单株平均生物量与耗水量之间均呈显著正相关,利用3块林分单株平均生长量及对应时间的耗水量得到了尾巨桉林分单株生长量与林分耗水量的拟合方程。     

枫杨研究进展

枫杨是我国长江中下游地区广泛分布的重要优良乡土树种和速生丰产造林树种.笔者从种源、育苗造林、群落分布、材性、淹水、灭螺等方面总结了枫杨研究进展情况,对枫杨培育和综合利用以及开展枫杨的速生丰产研究具有重要的理论价值和实际意义.     

水分对栗钙土理化性质及杨树生长的影响

采用野外调查和室内测试相结合的方法,研究了水分对栗钙土理化性质和杨树生长的影响.结果表明:由于过水林地比未过水林地具有较低的容重和土壤硬度、较高的土壤持水能力以及较高的有机质、全氮、全磷和有效氮含量,使得过水林地上杨树人工林的直径、树高和材积生长量、各级根系长度、根系总长度和根系总生物量整体上超过来过水林地.     

生长年限对苜蓿和柠条光合特征及土壤水分的影响

为了探究生长年限对衰败期苜蓿和中老龄柠条的叶片光合生理特征及土壤水分的影响，在2014年于地处黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带强烈侵蚀中心的神木六道沟小流域，测定了不同生长年限苜蓿（ALF₁₀、ALF₁₃、ALF₃₃和ALF₄₉）和柠条（KOP₁₀、KOP₂₅、KOP₄₃和KOP₇₃）的叶片光合参数、叶结构性状参数以及0~400 cm土层土壤体积含水量（SWC_0-400）。结果表明：对于衰败期苜蓿，ALF₁₀和ALF₁₃叶片净光合速率（P_n）差异不显著（P>0.05），而后随生长年限的延长逐渐降低，ALF₃₃和ALF₄₉比ALF₁₃叶片的P_n（24.01 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）分别降低了2.32 μmol·m^-2·s^-1和7.76 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。相比ALF₁₀，随生长年限延长SWC_0-400恢复至10.88%（ALF₁₃），而后随着生长年限延长降低至8.81%（ALF₃₃）和6.12%（ALF₄₉）。土壤水分对ALF₃₃的限制作用不明显，水分胁迫使ALF₄₉非气孔限制值比ALF₃₃增大了0.340。对于中老龄期柠条，叶片P_n随生长年限的延长先升高后降低，KOP₂₅和KOP₄₃叶片P_n最大且两者差异不显著（P>0.05），比KOP₁₀（6.62 μmol·m^-2·s^-1）分别增大了6.57 μmol·m^-2·s^-1和7.66 μmol·m^-2·s^-1，KOP₇₃比KOP₄₃叶片P_n降低了4.95 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。对于同为黄绵土生长的KOP₁₀、KOP₄₃和KOP₇₃，SWC_0-400随生长年限延长逐渐上升，分别为8.50%、9.06%和10.71%。土壤水分恢复使KOP₄₃叶片气孔及非气孔限制值比KOP₁₀柠条降低了0.185和2.180。此外，柠条叶片相对叶绿素含量（SPAD）与P_n呈极显著正相关（P<0.001），相关系数为0.514。研究结果表明衰败期苜蓿和中老龄期柠条叶片光合性能呈波动式变化，这与土壤水分的相互作用有关。     

快速滤过型净化法结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱同时检测人参中的5种农药残留

基于人参样品基质特点，采用快速滤过型净化法 (m-PFC) 结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱 (HPLC-MS/MS)，建立了人参中嘧菌酯、苯醚甲环唑、吡虫啉、茚虫威和噻嗪酮5种农药残留同时检测的分析方法。该方法具有较低的检出限 (0.03~0.18 μg/kg) 和定量限 (0.11~0.59 μg/kg)，其定量限较中国国家标准GB 2763—2016中规定的对人参中苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯的最大残留限量 (MRL) (0.5~1 mg/kg) 低3个数量级，5种农药的线性范围在1~500 μg/L之间。在2、10、50、100和300 μg/kg的添加水平下，方法的平均回收率均在76%~115%之间，相对标准偏差 (RSD) 均小于11%，回收率较好且方法稳定。与传统样品前处理方法相比，该方法具有操作简单、省时省力和灵敏度高等优点。将该方法应用于市售6份人参样品中5种农药残留的检测，结果未检出相应的农药残留。该方法为研发建立更快速、准确地检测人参中农药残留的方法提供了思路，也为后续中国国家标准修订人参中农药最大残留限量提供了参考。     

Spatio-temporal variation of soil moisture in a fixed dune at the southern edge of the Gurbantunggut Desert in Xinjiang,China

Soil moisture is critical for vegetation growth in deserts. However, detailed dataregarding the soil moisture distribution in space and time in the Gurbantunggut Desert have not yet been reported. In this study, we conducted a series ofinsitu observation experiments in a fixed sand dune at the southern edge of the GurbantunggutDesert from February 2014 to October 2016, to explore the spatio-temporal variation of soil moisture content, investigate the impact of Haloxylonammodendron (C. A. Mey.) Bungeon soil moisture content in its root zone, and examine the factors influencing the soil moisture spatial pattern. One-way analysis of variance,least significant difference testsand correlation analysis were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that the soil moisture content exhibited annual periodicity and the temporal variation of soil moisture content throughout a year could be divided into three periods, namely, a moisture-gaining period, a moisture-losing period and a moisture-stable period.According to the temporal and spatial variability, the 0-400 cm soil profile could be divided into two layers: an active layer with moderate variability and a stable layer with weak variability.The temporal variability was larger than the spatial variability in the active layer,and the mean profile soil moisture content at different slope positions displayed the trend of decreasing with increasing relative heightand mainly followed the order of interdunearea>westand east slopes>slope top.The mean profile soil moisture content in the root zone of dead H. ammodendronindividuals was significantly higher than that in the root zones of adult and young individuals, while the soil moisture content in the root zone of adult individuals was slightly higher than that in the root zone of young individuals with no significant difference.The spatial pattern of soil moisture was attributable to the combined effects of snowfall, vegetation and soil texture, whereas the effects of rainfall and evaporation were not significant. The findings may offer a foundation for the management of sandy soil moisture and vegetation restoration in arid areas.     

薄皮甜瓜新品种‘陕甜9号’

‘陕甜9号’是用‘E13’作母本,‘C20’作父本杂交育成优质抗病薄皮甜瓜新品种。植株生长势中强,果实短梨形,平均单果质量500 g,果皮光滑,黄白色,果肉浅绿至白色,中心可溶性固形物含量14.7%,耐贮运。全生育期85～100 d,果实发育期28～32 d,抗病、抗逆性较强。适应于黑龙江、河北、甘肃、新疆等地区保护地及露地栽培。     

Variations of SOC and MBC observed in an incubated brown loam soil managed under different tillage systems for 12 years

To assess changes in organic carbon pools, an incubation experiment was conducted under different temperatures and field moisture capacity (FMC) on a brown loam soil from three tillage practices used for 12 years: no‐till (NT), subsoiling (ST) and conventional tillage (CT). Total microbial respiration was measured for incubated soil with and without the input of straw. Results indicated that soil organic carbon (SOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) under ST, NT and CT was higher in soil with straw input than that without, while the microbial quotient (MQ or MBC: SOC) and metabolic quotient (qCO₂) content under CT followed the opposite trend. Lower temperature, lower moisture and with straw input contributed to the increases in SOC concentration, especially under NT and ST systems. The SOC concentrations under ST, with temperatures of 30 and 35°C after incubation at 55% FMC, were greater than those under CT by 28.4% and 30.6%, respectively. The increase in MBC was highest at 35°C for 55%, 65% and 75% FMC; in soil under ST, MBC was greater than that under CT by 199.3%, 50.7% and 23.8%, respectively. At 30°C, the lower qCO₂ was obtained in soil incubated under NT and ST. The highest MQ among three tillage practices was measured under ST at 55% FMC, NT at 65% FMC and CT at 75% FMC with straw input. These data indicate the benefits of enhancing the MQ; the low FMC was beneficial to ST treatment. Under higher temperature and drought stress conditions, the adaptive capacity of ST and NT is better than that of CT.